Some Useful Keyboard Shortcut, Function and Special keys

Keyboard shortcuts are combination of two or more keys that you can use to perform a task that would typically require a mouse or other pointing device. Keyboard shortcuts can make it easier to work with your PC, saving you time and effort as yo
u work with Windows and other apps.

Some Shortcut and Special keys.

Function keys

F1 – Display help.

F2 – Rename the selected item.

F3 – Search for a file or folder.

F4 – Display the address bar list in file explorer.

F5 – Refresh the active windows.

F6 – Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop.

F10 – Activate the menu bar in the active app.

Special keys

Alt+F4 – Close the active item, or exit the active apps.

Alt+Esc – Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened.

Alt+Underlined letter – Perform the command for that letter.

Alt+Enter – Display properties for the selected items.

Alt+Spacebar – Open the shortcut menu for the active window.

Alt+left arrow – Back.

Alt+ Right arrow – Forward.

Alt+Page up – Move up one screen.

Alt+Page Down – Move down one screen.

Alt+Tab – Switch between open apps (except desktop apps).

Ctrl+F4 – close the active document (in apps that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously).

Ctrl+A – Select all items in a document or windows.

Ctrl+C (or Ctrl+Insert) – Copy the selected item.

Ctrl+D (or Delete) – delete the selected items and move it to the Recycle bin.

Ctrl+R (or F5) – Refresh the active window.

Ctrl+V (or Shift+Inserte) – paste in the selected item.

Ctrl+X  - Cut the selected items.

Ctrl+Y – Redo an action.

Ctrl+Z – Undo an action.

Ctrl+plus (+) or Ctrl+minus (-) – zoom in or out of a large number of items, like apps pinned to the Start screen.

Ctrl+mouse scroll wheel – Change the size of Desktop icons or Zoom in or out of a large number of items, like apps pinned to the start screen.

Ctrl+Right arrow – move the cursor to the beginning of the next word.

Ctrl+Left arrow – Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word.

Ctrl+Down arrow – Move the cursor to the beginning of next paragraph.

Ctrl+Up arrow – Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph.

Ctrl+Alt+Tab – Use the Arrow keys to switch between all open apps.

Ctrl+Arrow key (to move to an item) +Spacebar – select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop.

Ctrl+shift with an arrow key – Select a block of text.

Ctrl+Esc – Open the start screen.

Ctrl+Shift+Esc – Open the task manager.

Ctrl+Shift – Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are available.

Ctrl+Spacebar – Turn the Chinese input method editor (IME) on or off.

Shift+F10 – display the shortcut menu for the selected item.

Shift with any arrow key – select more than one item in a windows or on the desktop, or select text within a document.

Shift+Detele – Delete the selected items without moving it to the Recycle Bin first.

Right arrow –w Open the next menu to the right, or open a Submenu.

Left arrow – Open the next menu to the left, or close a Submenu.

Esc – Stop or leave the current task.

Notes

The Microsoft Office Word 2007 shortcut key with Keyboard, these keys shortcut mostly works with US keyboard layout any others key layouts some time not work exactly.

The keyboard shortcut you want to use not press + sign between two and three keys. For example – CTRL + Spacebar, you can press only ctrl key then spacebar key not use any press + keys.

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Computers Some Shortcuts

CPU-                Central Processing Unit

CU-                  Control Unit    

ALU-               Arithmetic and logic unit         

MU-                 Memory Unit  

MSDOS-          Micro Soft Disk Operating System                               

I-                      Input Output    

BMP-               Bitmap Picture

Sys -                 System            

Com     -           Command       

RAM    -           Random Access Memory         

ROM    -           Read Only Memory     

PROM-            Programmable Read Only Memory

EPROM-          Erasable Programmable ROM

EEPROM-        Electrically Erasable Programmable                 

XT-                  Extra Technology        

AT -                 Advance Technology   

PS-2-                Personal System – 2     

PC-                  Personal Computer      

NDD-               Norton Disk Doctor     

CPAV-             Central Point Anti-Virus          

DM-                 Disk Manager  

MSAV -           Micro Soft Anti-Virus  

MS-                  Micro Soft                   

OS –                 Operating System        

IBM-                International Business machine

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Introduction of the special keys:

~          =          Tiled key

!           =          Exclamation

@         =          At the rate

#          =          Hash

$          =          Dollar

%         =          Percentage

^          =          Carat

&         =          And

*          =          Asterisk or star mark

()          =          Parentheses

-           =          Dash

_          =          Underscore

|           =          Vertical mark or pipeline

;           =          Semicolon

:           =          Colon

'           =          Single quote mark

"           =          Double quote mark

/           =          Slash

<          =          Less than

>          =          Greater than 

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Terms of Computer

1. Hardware

2. Software

3. Human ware

1. Hardware:

Hardware means only physical parts of the computer, which can see and realize is known as hardware. It is just a mechanism of the computer.

2. Software:

Software is the set of programs, which are used for different purposes. It is also defined as the program concerned with the operation of the hardware in a data processing system. At last we can say that, it plays the role to operate the computer. We have many types of software.

1. System software:

System software, which takes the capability to operate the computer and also takes the capability to interact with the physical component of the computer. All are the operating systems are known as system software. e.g. Window, Linux, Unix, MS-DOS, OS/2, Mac. etc.

Operating system is classification in two groups. These are given below.

I. CUI (Character User Interface): This is an operating, which operates computer according to the characteristics command. No graphic, options and menus are provided. It can only perform one task at a time so this type of operating system is also called single user interface.

II. GUI (Graphical User Interface):This is an operating system, which operate the computer in graphical environment. Menus, options, graphics are provided. It can perform multitask at a time so this type of operating system is also called double user interface.

B. Application Software:

Application software is written for special purpose (specific use) in a specific language is known as application software. These program perform particular task with respect to related program. for example, MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access etc.

C. Utility Software

The different software which is developed for deal with different types of project is called utility software.

3. Human ware:

All are the computer users, who operates (handles) the computer and its periphery is known as Human ware.

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Types of computer

1. On the basis of function. I. Analog computer

An analog computer is that which measure continuous types of physical value such as temperature or pressure. Thermos meter, multi meter, Speedo meter, fuel & price indicator in petrol pump are analog.

II. Digital computer

The computer which accepts discrete data (discontinuous data) is known as digital computer. Basically, digital computer accepts binary number system.

III. Hybrid Computer

Hybrid computer is the combination of analog and digital computer. They are mostly used in scientist research, industries application, and aero planes.

2. On the basis of size.

·         Super computer.

·         Large memory and highest processing power

·         Very high cost (15 million dolor)

·         Only 200 super computers in US

·         Application in research/space

4. On the basis of processing speed (processor used)

XT=Extra/Extended Technology. AT=Advanced Technology.

Language of computer:

Computer is a machine. It uses machine language. Machine language depends upon binary number system. The script of binary number system is 0 & 1. This 0 & 1 are known as bits. To write A=01000001.

Measurement of Electronic data

1 character               8 bits

8 bits                      1 byte

1024 bytes              1 kilobyte(KB)

1024 kilo Byte        1 megabyte(MB)

1024 megabyte        1gigabyte(GB)

1024 gigabyte         1 terabyte(TB)

II. Mainframe computer.

·         Large general purpose computer

·         Used in database field

·         1000 processor

III. Minicomputer.

·         Used in connection as work station

·         Used as a server

·         100 terminals should connect

IV. Microcomputer.

Those computers which is based in microprocessor is called microcomputer. It is also called personal computer.

(a) Desktop computer.

(b)Laptop computer (Briefcase size).

(c) Palmtop computer. (d)Note Book

3. On the basis of brand

I. IBM computer. (PC-personal computer)

II. IBM compatible. III. Apple/Macintosh

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Memory Of Computer

I. Primary Memory:

a) RAM- Random Access Memory

It is a running workspace of computer. Initially, every task is stored in RAM, when we save these data, then these are stored in secondary memory. It is also called volatile memory because the information’s are erased when the power switch off. We have 128MB, 256MB, 1GB and 2GB memory at market.

b) ROM- Read Only Memory

it is the programming chips where all of the system information are kept at the time of manufactured. We can see the information of ROM: we time of booting. Even it can store the instructions even power is switch off. The program written on the ROM is also called as firmware. We can see all the information at booting period but we do not have access to change these instructions.

II. Secondary Memory:

Secondary storage devices hold files that are not currently being used. After editing the instructions and data are stored in secondary memory. It is such type of storage device that not attached with computer. There are different types of external storage device. These are given below.

Floppy disk

This is a secondary storage device. The size of the floppy is 3.5 inch. Its capacity is 1.44 MB. We can insert in the CPU and eject from CPU. We can save file in floppy and transfer to next computer. Nearly 14,57,664 characters can be stored in floppy disk.

Hard Disk

This is fixed disk which works as main memory of computer. All the files and programs are stored inside the hard disk. Technically hard disks are called Winchester disks or fixed disks, as they are pack of disk. Normally it can measure in gigabytes. We found 80 GB, 160 GB, 250 GB, 320 GB, 500 GB, 1Tb and 2 TB capacity hard disk.

CD

It stands for compact disc. We can store up to 720 MB in the CD. CD-R & CD-RW are available in the market. We can store songs, movies, computer files, programs and large data in the CD.

Pen Drive

This is very popular among IT experts or busy personalities because it is very simple to transfer data from one computer to another computer using pen drive. Up to 1GB-16GB capacity pen drive can be found in the market.

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Configuration of Computer

As a term of device, which carries the meaning of part of the computer. There are different types of device, which are mentioned below.

1. Input device:

The equipment of the computer, which is use to give data to the computer is called input device. For example: keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera etc.

Key board

This is an input device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to give data to the computer. Key board is an essential input device. The longest key of the key board is space bar, which is followed by thumb. F1 to F12 are function keys, which can be found at the top of the key board. ESC key can be found at the top left of the keyboard, which is use to cancel different comma and or program. we get alphabets, at the middle cursor control key and at the right part we get numeric key pad. Normally more than 104 keys can be found in the key board. Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Enter & Start the keys, which can be found at the two places of the key board.

Mouse

This is an input device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to give instruction to the computer. Mouse makes easy to operate windows base program. Some mouse has only one key, some has two and some mouse has three keys also to click.

Light Pen

This is an input de vice, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to directly touch in the screen. It has on/off switch as well as its nib is very soft. Especially this equipment is use by engineer, overseer, architecture, graphics designer & others.

Scanner

This is an input device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to transfer graphics data (photo) to the computer. The function of scanner is same with phot o copy machine but it is small in size.

Micro Phone

This is an input device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to record our voice in the computer as well as to communicate with the people taking help with Internet.

Digital Camera

This is an input device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to take photograph in the computer. Digital camera can be disconnected with the CPU because it has memory card. Using USB cable, we can transfer photo from camera to computer.

Web Camera

This is an input device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to send video to the next internet user. We can record video and take photos but the quality is too low

2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

It stands for central processing unit. It is also known as brain of the computer. All input & output devices are connected with the CPU. Without connecting with CPU, they can’t work properly. There are 3 units in the CPU. They are control unit, Arithmetic & Logic unit and memory unit.

A. CU (Control Unit)

It stands for control unit. It controls all the operation of the computer. It controls computer hardware & software too It gets data from input device. It checks the data. If the data is mathematical or logical it sends to ALU, otherwise it directly sends to the MU. When ALU returns data to CU, it sends to MU. After all, when memory unit returns data to the control unit, then it sends to output device.

B. ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit)

It stands for Arithmetic & Logic unit. The function of this unit is to perform mathematical and logical works. It gets data from control unit and returns to control unit after completing task.

C. MU (Memory Unit)

It stands for memory u nit. The function of this unit it to store data in the primary memory. It gets data from control unit and returns to control unit after saving data in the primary memory.

Note that, Charles Babbage is known as the father of Computer.

3. Output device:

The equipment of the computer, which is use to get report from the computer is called output device.

For example: - Monitor, Speaker, and Printer etc.

Monitor

This is an output device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to get visual report in the screen.

Monitor has on/off switch as well as color management switch too. Color & B/W both type of monitor can be found in the market. Monitor is also known as VDU, CRT, Screen & others.

Printer

This is an output device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to get printed result in the paper. Printer itself has on/off switch as well as paper management switch too.

Speaker

This is an output device, which is connected with the CPU. It is use to get sound in high volume. Speaker itself has on/off switch as well as volume control switch too.

4. Memory Device:

Computer use memory to hold the programs and data in use by the CPU. Most computers have several type of memory. The main propose of the memory is to store program and data. There are two general categories of memory.

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Introduction of Computer

The term ‘Computer’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Co mputare’ this means to calculate. Computer is an advance/modern electronic device, which takes raw data and instruction from input device and after fast processes gives meaningful result from output device.

Computer is also a problem-solving machine, which can process both numerical and non-numerical information. It is a totally user dependent device. It has no its own brain, so it cannot think its own.

Input    Process   Output

Input (Data and information):

Input (data) is the raw information. It is the collection of facts (text) or figures (numbers) or both.

Process (CPU):

It means the manipulations of data as per given instruction.

Output:

It means the get result after proceed the data.

Features of computer

High speed

Accuracy

Diligence

Reliability

Memory

Versatility

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Fundamental of Computer

1. Introduction of Computer

2. Configuration of Compputer

3.

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